Objection 05 of 19

Science has disproved the need for God.

Strongest form (steelman)

Laplace famously told Napoleon he had "no need of that hypothesis." The trajectory of modern science has been to replace supernatural explanations with natural ones: lightning, disease, planetary motion, the origin of species, the development of embryos, the function of the brain. Every gap that used to house a god-of-the-gaps has been closed. Extrapolating, it is reasonable to expect the remaining gaps (abiogenesis, consciousness, cosmic origins) to close as well. Why posit a divine cause that does no explanatory work science cannot in principle do?

Response

Two confusions run through this objection. (1) Category mistake: science investigates secondary causes within a law-governed universe. It does not and cannot address why there is a universe at all, why it is governed by mathematical laws, or why those laws are intelligible to rational minds. Those are metaphysical questions, not empirical ones. Asking science to disprove God is like asking a microscope to locate an author. (2) The gaps have not all closed; in several cases they have widened. Before 1929 most scientists assumed an eternal universe; Big Bang cosmology and the Borde-Guth-Vilenkin theorem (2003) show any universe with average expansion greater than zero must have a finite past. Fine-tuning: roughly 30 physical constants (cosmological constant, ratio of electromagnetic to gravitational force, proton-neutron mass difference, etc.) are calibrated within life-permitting windows so narrow that Martin Rees, Roger Penrose, and Leonard Susskind - none Christians - call the precision staggering. Origin of information in DNA (Meyer, Signature in the Cell): we know by repeated experience that specified information traces to mind. Hard problem of consciousness (Chalmers, Nagel): no amount of neurochemistry explains why any physical process should be accompanied by subjective experience. Historically, the founders of modern science - Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Boyle, Faraday, Maxwell - were theists who believed nature was ordered precisely because it had an Orderer. Today ~50 percent of working scientists are religious believers (Pew 2009). The conflict thesis (Draper 1874, White 1896) is rejected by contemporary historians of science (Lindberg, Numbers, Harrison).

Follow-up

Science has not disproved God; it has illuminated the kind of universe in which the question "why something rather than nothing?" becomes more pressing, not less.

Sources & citations

Sources
  • God's Undertaker: Has Science Buried God? — John Lennox (2009)popularFind on Amazon
  • Return of the God Hypothesis — Stephen C. Meyer (2021)popularFind on Amazon
  • Where the Conflict Really Lies — Alvin Plantinga (2011)scholarlyFind on Amazon
  • Inflationary Spacetimes Are Not Past-Complete — Borde, Guth & Vilenkin (2003)scholarlyFind on Amazon
  • Just Six Numbers — Martin Rees (2000)popularFind on Amazon

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